Customer Defection Essay - 712 Words

MKT 711 9/4/2012 1. The purpose of the study dealt with customer defection. It talks about how the customers are slowly not becoming as loyal as they use to be. They seen a pattern after five years, the customer does not stay loyal to the company. There are different stages of the process of losing loyal customers and keeping them. Loyalty and profits, the more the customer is worth the more profits come out of it because the longer the customer stays. Failure, the employee learning the instructive steps on their own and leaving. Core customers, this is hard to determine but the best way to determine it is to ask who the most loyal and most profitable to you? 2. I think the article represents a conceptual study. The author†¦show more content†¦The customer only learns throughout the process with the company until they become knowledgeable to do it on their own. 4. Implications for future research would be to do a more quantitative study. This way they can mesh together the concepts of the research and the new quantitative numbers in order to show the CEO’s and companies why they should follow the plan and this is what needs to be done to become successful with keeping their customers. Once that process is done they then can expand that to become more qualitative. Then they will have answers from every angle, from concepts to numbers and the quality of the situation. 5. Marketing as we know it deals with identifying and meeting hum and social needs. In a short definition â€Å"meeting needs profitably†. The findings in the article helped pertain to Marketing because when worrying about the value of the customer and their certainty of the value of creation. Marketing is all about getting the name out there and making it profitable. Without the loyal customers then the product/profit is not marketable and will not make money. When establishing the relationship between the customer and employer/employee is when more successful opportunities from within the company. When losing customers, then the company doesn’t learn to try and build their relationship in other ways. I agree with the finding of the article and theShow MoreRelatedProduct Needs Wants Expectation : Mac Book Keeping A Notebook Small And Light Means Yanking Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesuseful features online store make it much easier to purchase Apple Watch and the new MacBook. Customers will know exactly when and where their product arrives. we all need to understand that all software is imperfect and prone to bugs. On the other hand, though, we as customers have legitimate expectations. Mc Donald Provide both McDonald s franchisees and corporate management with real-time access to customer data the company intends to display only the top-selling drive-through items on outside menuRead MoreHow does an organization create customer value1202 Words   |  5 Pagescreate customer value? Marketing experts Don Peppers and Martha Rogers said: â€Å"Without customers, you don’t have a business.† It is such a simple, nevertheless, a scary thought. We live in a world of consumerism, in which the customer’s wants and desires greatly exceed their basic needs. Even though many see this concept as a threat to modern world society, it has created the extremely competitive marketplace for businesses. The companies are competing everyday to win over as many customers as possibleRead MoreCustomer Equity. Customer Equity Is Essential To The Continued1447 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer Equity Customer equity is essential to the continued success of any company in the modern market. Whether it’s acquiring new customers, retaining existing customers, or simply looking for new ways to reach existing customers, customer equity is an integral piece of any successful company. Customer Acquisition Since Class Pass is a new entrant in the online note sharing service market, customer acquisition will be the most important activity that the company must focus on during the firstRead MoreCustomer Relationships. In The World Of Business, There1405 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer Relationships In the world of business, there are two types of industries: goods and services. As identified by O?Sullivan and Sheffrin, the goods industry consists of companies that provide consumers with tangible products that are either considered necessity or luxury (2007). Such types of companies rely on advertisements to differentiate their product from those similar in the market, and must receive repeat purchases of their product from customers to ensure financial success (LibaiRead MoreCustomer Service Recovery Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesProviding great customer service and having the ability to retain customers require consistency in delivering the anticipated services. Customer service encompasses having the ability to provide a service or product to customers by means in which it was promised. However, there are times when unforeseen circumstances may occur, resulting in customer service breakdowns. Understanding the effectiveness of customer service relations provides the assur ance needed to handle complicated service relatedRead Moreservice quality1606 Words   |  7 PagesSERVICE QUALITY PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS THE QUESTIONS ARE FOR PRACTICE ONLY. THERE IS NO INDICATION THAT YOU WILL BE ASKED THE SAME QUESTION(S) IN THE FINAL EXAM. 1. ____________ represent a special type of order taking that entitles customers to a specific unit of service. a. Suggestions b. Reservations c. Trackers d. Repossessions e. Contracts 2. Which of the following is NOT considered an example of a hospitality element? a. Greeting b. Toilets and washrooms c. Advice d. Food andRead MoreSummary on Service Encounter Journal1242 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿SCO 3051/ Professor B. Azman Assignment #4 Summary of Service Encounter Journaling Service encounter is person-to-person interactions between customers and service providers. Over the past six weeks, I realized my interaction with the service providers played a vital role in improving my perceptions regarding service quality, as they also influenced my satisfaction and brand perception. As a result, the good service I received had increased my long-term loyalty, lead to positive word-of-mouthRead MoreCup Corporation Case Study2973 Words   |  12 Pagesseries of acquisitions to broaden the types of insurance offerings and expanding the market needs. It sold a various forms of insurance in the health, life, casualty, property and automotive areas. Customer segments of the firm’s services are divided into two groups of agents and brokers as well as end-customers. Over the last couple of years, the growth of premium income in German industry is somewhat instable. The declining growth rates had affected German insurance industry due to some reinforcing trends:R ead MoreValue Creation3563 Words   |  15 Pagescreate value for customers, employees, and investors, and that the interests of these three groups are inextricably linked. Therefore, sustainable value cannot be created for one group unless it is created for all of them. The first focus should be on creating value for the customer, but this cannot be achieved unless the right employees are selected, developed, and rewarded, and unless investors receive consistently attractive returns. What do we mean by value creation? For the customer, it entailsRead MoreResearch Proposal. Affecting Customers Loyalty.5045 Words   |  21 PagesGrade: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Course No. Title: Marketing Research Programme of Study: Postgraduate Semester: Spring Instructor’s Name: Assignment due date: Title of the Assignment: Research Proposal. Affecting Customers Loyalty. Student’s Name : Chapter 1. Affecting Customers Loyalty. Background and Justification for Selection of the Topic. In today’s competitive markets services and service companies within the same industry are becoming increasingly similar. Differentiation through

Hiroshima; Right or Wrong Essay - 992 Words

1) Describe the main arguments, reasons, and evidence that support the perspective of Historian A. -Historian A had a lot of reasonable and strong perspectives on the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. She views the United States was not justified in dropping the bomb. A huge argument begins with the U.S. knowing that Japan was trying to surrender. This is a great example of unnecessarily kicking someone when they are already down. The Japanese wanted peace and tried to surrender, the only condition was that they could keep their emperor. The U.S. declined and said they had to have an â€Å"unconditional surrender.† After the bombing, the U.S. let Japan keep their emperor anyway. The U.S. could have saved so many lives if they had†¦show more content†¦America had a bad experience with letting a condition slide during World War 1, which was a mistake and led to the next World War. The U.S. did not want to risk more war and denied Japan of their condition. They also believed that if they allowed Japan to keep their emperor, it would encourage Japan to be more resistant against the U.S. to see what they could get away with. We also didn’t want to show any signs of weakness by straining our strict policy of not accepting anything less than â€Å"unconditional surrender.† Historian B claims that Japan actually wanted more than just their emperor, which shows that the bombs were necessary to keep out further war. The quick dropping of the bombs wasn’t to keep Russia out of war considering the U.S. did not know the exact date of Russian entry. Officers were instructed to drop the bombs when weather was appropriate and the quicker to end the war, the better. The bomb was also not used to scare the Russia considering the Russians were too resistant to U.S. policies in Europe. The use of the bomb being dropped on empty land would have been a waste of a bomb and time. It took two bombings on Japan to bring the surrender shows that the bombing of empty land would not have been effective. The committee also recommended it be u sed on military targets. Importantly, the U.S. warned Japan that the use of an atomic bomb would be ordered against them unless they acceptedShow MoreRelated Was the U.S. Right or Wrong Using the Atomic Bomb in ?Hiroshima?674 Words   |  3 Pagesatomic bomb to the end of World War II. 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Serious reconciliation is needed due to this event, and both sides of the argument need to be strongly consideredRead MoreTruman s Decision For The Atomic Bomb980 Words   |  4 Pagescountries making the same bomb? What if it falls into the wrong hands? They would have the power to eliminate whatever they wanted.† Harry S. Truman had the tremendous decision that could and would change life forever. The atomic bomb was not like any other bomb. The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, also known as Little boy was the biggest atomic bomb the world has ever seen. Truman made the right choice of choosing to drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because it saved lives, caused destructionRead MoreUnited States Should Not Drop The Nuclear Bombs On Japan.1369 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica dropped two nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. Those two bombs brought severe damages to these two cities including over 200,000 innocent lives. Many people believe that Japan deserve to be bombed due to many reasons, primarily because Japan first attacked United States at Pearl Harbor. However, it is still wrong and unnecessary for United States to drop two bombs respectively on Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the two bombs not only bring destructions toRead MoreIn August 1945, a uranium-type atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on Hiroshima, Japan,900 Words   |  4 Pageswas dropped by the United States on Hiroshima, Japan, during the final stages of World War II. The following months after the bomb was dropped, many people were killed by burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries. These effects la sted about 4-6 months. Around 90,000 to 166,000 people died either instantaneous or the lasting effects. On August 15th, just days after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan announced their surrender to the Allies. Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain the only two citiesRead More Drop The Bomb? Essay656 Words   |  3 Pages U.S. History - Grech Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan, Justified? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On August 6th and 9th of 1945 U.S. bombers dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing utter destruction and many deaths. These bombs were dropped as the Pacific battles of World War II were coming to an end. Soon after Japan surrendered, ending the war. But, was the use of atomic warfare necessary? Was it too harsh and cruel to the JapaneseRead MoreAtomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki846 Words   |  4 Pageshits you. However it is no use, your life had ended. Thousands of people died instantly as an atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, thousands more died because of the effect after. No weapon compares to the magnitude of destruction an atomic bomb causes. In the history of the world, atomic bombs have only been used twice. This was during World War II in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. On June 1941, the Manhattan Project was commenced under the care of the U.S. Office of Scientific ResearchRead MoreEssay On The Atomic Bomb837 Words   |  4 Pagesthis type of strategy is still in use. Is the bombing of innocent people justified if it ultimately brings an end to the war? The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II clearly exemplifies the ethical question of whether bombing civilians was right or wrong. The decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not clear cut. Harry S. Truman and his associated generals (Stimson and Groves) had to come to a conclusion on how to swiftly end the war withRead MoreAmerican Involvement During World War II1451 Words   |  6 Pageseventually would end with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The amount of damage that the atomic bombs used in Nagasaki and Hiroshima did many times more damage as what the Japanese did when they attacked Pearl Harbor. But, how much damage did they do? How many people did they kill? Well throughout the essay my question to answer will be, To what extent has the bomb droppings affected Japan? I believe that the droppings of the bombs were morally wrong and were not necessary to be able to stopRead MoreAmerica Chose To Drop Atomic Bombs On Japan, And This Affected1314 Words   |  6 PagesStates on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Atomic bombs terrify everyone today, but at that time, th ey were considered an indispensable step for an early end to the war with minimal human losses. Some people believed the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary to end the war. Some people believed the bombings were a terrible mistake. Many of the events that shaped this creation were The Manhattan Project, the actual creation of the atomic bomb, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. Therefore

Biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi - 1995 Words

Introduction Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who is more popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2nd, 1869 and passed away on January 30th, 1948. He was the most popular leader of the Indian nationalist movement during the British-rule that lasted for nearly a century in India. He was the most adamant supporter of the non-violent civil disobedience and was the leader that inspired the move towards independence and civil rights amongst the Indians. Gandhi was born on the coastal regions of Gujarat in a Hindu Bania community in the family of a senior government official Karamchand Gandhi. His mother Putlibai was his fathers fourth wife. The first three wives died during child birth. His mother was a Jain and Gandhi was strongly influenced by Jain traditions and customs (Erikson, 1969). He studied law abroad in London. His very first effort towards social change was on return to India in 1915. Prior to his return, he worked in South Africa for the civil rights of the Muslims and Hindus in the region. This was where he first experimented with the new techniques of non-violent efforts towards change. While he was in South Africa, he also dedicated his time towards voicing non-violently against the numerous legislatures that existed against the Indians. These were the techniques he then also applied when returning to India when supporting peasants to fight against the extreme land taxes in the region (Erikson, 1969). He was never a supporter of communalism andShow MoreRelatedA Brief Biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi766 Words   |  3 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was Indias greatest political and moral leader. He was born in Gujarat on October 2, 1869 and assassinated on January 30, 1948. In his 79 years of lifetime, he was able to accomplish so many things for the discriminated and all of India. His acts and ideologies still affects the world today. He was born in Gujarat on October 2, 1869 to a prime minister of Rajkot and a faithful Hindu woman. His mother Putilbais faith in Hindu affected GandhiRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And Influential Religious Political Leaders Of The Twentieth Century1464 Words   |  6 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi was one of the most admired and influential religious political leaders of the twentieth century. Gandhi is acknowledged as the Father of the Nation or Bapu due to his astonishing contributions towards the independence of India, by becoming an amazing freedom fighter who led India as a leader of Nationalism, against British rule. Gandhi was one of such that believed in nonviolence, the unity of people, and bringing spirituality upon Indian politics. He worked incrediblyRead MoreMohandas Karamchand Gandhi772 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Mohandas Gandhi was written by Mary and Mike Furbee. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in the town of Porbandar located in western India. He gre w up in a very religious and affluent family, which made his social and economic life a bit easier. Instead of growing up and achieving through his families money, Gandhi wanted to earn his own name. He was married at the age of thirteen to Kasturibai and also continued his studies. After High School, he went to University College of LondonRead MoreMahatma Gandhi – The Great Soul. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,1235 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi – The Great Soul Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Kathiawar, India. At that time, it was part of the British Empire. His father served as a chief minister in Porbander and other states in western India. His mother was extremely religious and fasted on a regular basis. Mohandas grew up worshiping the Hindu god Vishnu and following Jainism, which is a morally stringent ancient Indian religion that advocated non-violenceRead MoreGandhis principles of simple living Essay2041 Words   |  9 PagesGandhi: A Man of Principle George C. Wallace, the United States Secretary of State when Mohandas K. Gandhi was assassinated, said that Gandhi â€Å"had become a spokesman for the conscience of all mankind-a man who made humility and simple truth more powerful than empires† (Gandhi, np). Gandhi is well known for his leadership in the liberation of India from Britain, but his main goal and message transcends beyond the acts he did, into everyday living. Gandhi promoted simple living, non-violenceRead MoreMahatma Gandhis Path to peace Essay examples788 Words   |  4 Pages Mahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"I wish for equality for all people, except for photographers and journalists† (â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi biography†). Gandhi was commonly known for his loving personality and his passion for life and equality. It was his mission to free India from the clutches of the British Empire and he will be remembered as one of the greatest pacifists to walk this earth. However, to achieve all o f his objectives for truth and equality, he would have to overcome many adversities and hardshipsRead MoreGandhi s The Man, His People, And The Empire1952 Words   |  8 Pagesleaving one behind the way Mohandas Gandhi did. Gandhi is known as a legend by the people of India because he led their country to freedom from British rule. During this time, Britain was one of the most powerful nations and most heavily armed group of men. The biography, Gandhi The Man, His People, And The Empire , written by Gandhi’s grandson, explains from a family perspective how Gandhi was a powerful leader that conducted peaceful protest with non-violence. In this biography, the narrator explainsRead MoreA Walk To Remember By Gandhi . In India’S History, Many2091 Words   |  9 PagesA Walk To Remember by Gandhi In India’s history, many men and women have stepped forward to leave a legacy behind. However, no one has come close to leaving one behind the way Mohandas Gandhi did. Gandhi was known as a legend by the people of India because he led their country to freedom from British rule. During this time, Britain was one of the most powerful nations and most heavily armed group of men. The biography, Gandhi The Man, His People, And The Empire , written by Gandhi’s grandson, explainsRead MoreMahatma Gandhi And Civil Disobedience1015 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi and Civil Disobedience Mahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony† (Mahatma Quotes). Happiness to Gandhi was standing up for what he and others believed in. Gandhi’s personal life caused him to choose to participate in civil disobedience to protest Salt Acts law by the British, and he did achieve success eventually by using this controversial method of standing up for what he strongly believed to be right. Civil disobedienceRead MoreGandhi : An Influential Piece Of History1655 Words   |  7 PagesWho is Gandhi? And what makes him such an influential piece of history? Mohandas Gandhi was born on the 2nd of October 1869. Having both an extremely religious mother and father, Gandhi was brought up worshiping the Hindu god and abiding by the religions traditions. Growing up he was an ordinary kid who received no special treatment or privileges over any other child in his home town. At the age of thirteen, he married the women he would spend the rest of his life with, Kasturba Makanji. In the years

Cebu Literature free essay sample

Cebuano literature refers to the literary works written in Cebuano, a language widely spoken in the southern Philippines. The term is most often extended to cover the oral literary forms in both indigenous and colonial Philippines. While the majority of Cebuano writers are from the Visayas and Mindanao region, the most recognized Filipino literary outlet for them, including the Bisaya Magasin, is based in Makati city in Manila, while there is also a lively Cebuano community of writers in the language which is based outside the country. The term Cebuano literature, therefore, encompasses not only those Visayas and Mindanao-based writers writing in Cebuano, but all written output in Cebuano, wherever its source. History Cebuano literature, as much as most literature of the Philippines, started with fables and legends of the early people in the Philippines and colonial period, right down to the Mexican (Viceroyalty of New Spain) and Spanish influences. Although existence of a pre-hispanic writing system in Luzon is attested, there is proof that baybayin was widespread in the Visayas. Most of the literature produced during that period was oral. They were documented by the Spanish Jesuit Fr. Ignatio Francisco Alzinal. During the Spanish colonial period, the religious theme was predominant. Novenas and gozos, most notably the Bato Balani for the Santo Nino. The first written Cebuano literature is Maming, by Vicente Sotto, The Father of Cebuano Literature. The story was published in the first issue (July 16, 1900) of his Ang Suga. Two years later Sotto wrote, directed, and produced the first Cebuano play, Elena. It was first performed at the Teatro Junquera (in what is now Cebu City) on May 18, 1902. The play established Sottos reputation as a writer. The dedication of the play by the playwright reads, To My Motherland, that you may have remembrance of the glorious Revolution that redeemed you from enslavement. I dedicate this humble play to you. Vicente Sotto attacked the decadent forms of linambay in his newspaper Ang Suga. He was challenged by a friend to write his own play as he was always attacking the linambay form. Sotto wrote the Cebuano Ang Paghigugma sa Yutang Nataohan (Love of the Native Land) as a response. The play was successful; Sotto organized the Compania de Aficionados Filipinos. Within the year, two more plays were written by Sotto: Elena, which deals of a girls love for an insurrecto; and Aurora, which deals with a scandal involving the priests and nuns of the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion. Realism in Cebuano theater was stretched too much however; even Sotto himself was a victim of the movement he started, when prior to his running for mayor in 1907, a play entitled Ang Taban (1906, by Teodulfo V. Ylaya) was released. The play dealt with a kidnap allegation involving Sotto. During the American period, Ang Suga became the medium for publication of Cebuano writers. A community of writers slowly grow, to include the names of Florentino Rallos, Filomeno Veloso, Marcial Velez, Timoteo Castro, Segundo Cinco, Vicente Ranudo, Dionisio Jakosalem, Selestino Rodriguez, Filomeno Roble, Juan Villagonzalo, Leoncio Avila and Filemon Sotto. Most of these people were recognized for their achievements by the generation right after them, as evidenced by the use of their names for major streets in Cebu City, but their role in the furtherance of Cebuano culture is lost to subsequent generations. ) Juan Villagonzalo was the first to write a Cebuano novel. Four typical novels on the love theme written by popular writers during the American period would represent the pre-war writers subconscious but collective efforts in creating a common core of meanings and values in the face of new American cultur e. These are Felicitas by Uldarico Alviola in 1912, Mahinuklugong Paglubong Kang Alicia (The Sad Burial of Alicia) by Vicente Garces in 1924, Apdo sa Kagul-anan (Bitterness of Sorrow) by Angel Enemecio in 1928-29, and Ang Tinagoan (The Secret) by Vicente Rama in 1933-34. While Felicitas and Paglubong assert the value of marital fidelity and Apdo that of feminine chastity, Tinagoan challenges the emergent value that tolerates divorce. Such novels were seen as fictionalized renditions of their writers stand or traditions and practices which were subjected to debate in the school stage and within the pages of periodicals. The pre-war period in the Philippines is sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Vernacular Literature, with the 1930s marking a boundary between two kinds of popular writing: the predominantly propagandistic and the more commercialized escapist literature that proliferated since the Commonwealth period. In the year 1930, Bisaya Magasin started publishing in Cebuano. In 1936 Cebuano writers started publishing anthologies; readers engaged in amateur literary criticism; and complaints of plagiarism livened up the weekly news. Periodicals that featured creative writing mushroomed, although most of these were short-lived. The generally considered first feminist Cebuano novel, Lourdes by Gardeopatra G. Quijano was serialized in the period May 26 to September 23, 1939 in Bag-ong Kusog (literary New Force), the most popular pre-war periodical. It has been predicted by no less than the late novelist and Philippine National Artist for Literature N. V. M. Gonzalez that Philippine literature in English will die, leaving the regional literature (Ilokano, Waray, etc. ). In the case of Cebuano literature, this has been the case. Some of the prominent writers and poets in the Visayas and Mindanao who used to write in English have shifted to Cebuano. Among them are Davao-based Macario Tiu, Don Pag-usara, and Satur Apoyon, and Cebu-based Ernesto Lariosa (a Focus Philippines Poetry Awardee in 1975) and Rene Amper (a two-time Palanca awardee for English poetry. These giants of Cebuano literature are now regularly contributing to Bisaya Magasin; their shift to Cebuano writing has influenced young Cebu and Mindanao-based writers in English to follow suit (among them are Michael Obenieta, Gerard Pareja, Adonis Durado, Januar Yap, Jeneen Garcia, Marvi Gil, Delora Sales, Cora Almerino and Raul Moldez). In 1991, Cebuano poet Ernesto Lariosa received a grant from the Cultural Center of the Philippines. He used the grant to introduce the 4-s in Cebuano poetry: social sense, sound and story. The language he used was slack, devoid of strong metaphors. He used the language of the home and of the streets. Writer-scholar Dr. Erlinda Alburo, director of the Cebuano Studies Center of the University of San Carlos noted in a forum sponsored by the universitys theater guild in 2003 that the young writers (those given above) have given a new voice to Cebuano fiction. They have introduced modern writing styles, experimented with the Cebuano language and explored themes which have never been elaborated before by their predecessors. There are now emerging number of publications featuring fiction and poetry in Cebuano. The ownership of the de-facto literary journal, Bisaya Magasin, was transferred from the Chinese-owned Liwayway Publishing, Inc. to Napoleon Ramas Manila Bulletin Publishing in 2003, ushering a change in layout, acceptance policies and an increase in contributors fees. Aside from the reinvigoration of Bisaya Magasin, Cebu-based publishing houses have also started tabloids in the language (Banat News of Freeman Publications and SunStar SuperBalita of SunStar Publications). These tabloids have bigger circulation than their English counterparts. The U. P. National Writers Workshop every October and the Iligan National Writers Workshop every summer have reserved slots for Cebuano writers. In every edition of these workshops, there are Cebuano works that are being dissected or discussed by the panelists. In 1998, the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature opened the Cebuano literature category. The Visayas is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Mindanao and Luzon. It consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea. Its population are referred to as the Visayans. The major islands of the Visayas are Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar. [3] The region may also include the islands of Romblon and Masbate, whose population identify as Visayan. History The early people in the Visayas region were Austronesians and Negritos who migrated to the islands about 6,000 to 30,000 years ago. These early settlers were animist tribal groups. In the 12th century, settlers from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya, Majapahit and Brunei, led by the chieftain Datu Puti and his tribes, settled in the island of Panay and its surrounding islands. By the 14th century, Arab traders and their followers, venturing into the Malay Archipelago, converted some of these tribal groups into Muslims. These tribes practiced a mixture of Islam and Animism beliefs. There is also some evidence of trade among other Asian people. The Visayans were thought to have kept close diplomatic relations with Malaysia and Indonesian kingdoms since the tribal groups of Cebu were able to converse with Enrique of Malacca using the Malay language when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521. After the Magellan expedition, King Philip II of Spain sent Ruy Lopez de Villalobos and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1543 and 1565 and claimed the islands for Spain. The Visayas region and many tribes began converting to Christianity and adopting western culture. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the effects of colonization on various ethnic groups soon turned sour and revolutions such as those of Francisco Dagohoy began to emerge. During the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War between 1896 to 1913, the island of Negros and other neighboring islands initiated their revolution. After gaining Philippine independence from colonial rule following World War II in 1946, the Visayas region established its community and re-formed its government, producing several notable presidents coming from the Visayas region. In 2005, Palawan Island was transferred to Region VI (Western Visayas) by Executive Order 429. [4] However this planned reorganization was held in abeyance. [2] Hence, Palawan currently remains (as of May 2007) part of Region IV-B. Culture Legends Historical documents written in 1907 by Visayan historian Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro in his book Maragtas tell the story of the ten chiefs (Datus) who escaped from the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw from Borneo and came to the islands of Panay. The chiefs and followers were said to be the ancestors of the Visayan people. The documents were accepted by Filipino historians and found their way into the history of the Philippines. As a result, the arrival of Bornean tribal groups in the Visayas is celebrated in the festivals of the Ati-Atihan in Kalibo, Aklan and Binirayan in San Jose, Antique. Foreign historians such as William Scott conclusively proved the book to be a Visayan folk tradition. [5] Panay boasts of the Hinilawod as its oldest and longest epic. Hypotheses A contemporary theory based on a study of genetic markers in present-day populations that Austronesian people from Taiwan populated the region of Luzon and headed south to the Visayas, Borneo, Indonesia, then to Pacific islands and to the east of the Indian Ocean. [6] The study, though, may not explain inter-island migrations, which are also possible, such as the Tagalog migration to Luzon. According to Visayan folk traditions, the Visayas were populated by Malays migrating from Borneo to Mindanao and to the Visayas, while other Malays crossed to Palawan through Sabah. Other Malays were suggested to have crossed from Samar island to the Bicol region in Luzon. The theory suggests that those ancient tribal groups who passed through Palawan may have migrated to what is now the island of Luzon. A supplementary theory was that at that period, the Malay people were moving north from Mindanao to the Visayas and to Luzon. Various groups of Europeans and Chinese also integrated with the native population during that period.